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March 8, 2014 |
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This article discusses Chinatowns in Asia. Southeast Asia contains a large concentration of overseas Chinese, ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came from southern China and settled in countries such as Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam centuries ago—mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries and well into the 20th century. During the years of European colonialism in Southeast Asia, many poor Chinese arrived in these countries to find work, often causing ethnic tension between them and the native population; in particular, between ethnic Malaysian Chinese|Chinese Malaysian Buddhists and Malaysian Muslims. These ethnic Chinese arrived from southern mainland China and were mainly Chinese people of Cantonese (Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar), Hakka (Indonesia), Hainanese (Vietnam), Hokkien (Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar), and Teochew/Chaozhou (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand) stock. The ethnic Chinese represent a large minority population in most of these countries—with Singapore being the exception where Chinese-origin Singaporeans form the majority of the population. The overseas Chinese have suffered from de jure institutionalized discrimination by several governments and local populations, particularly in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, Indonesia under President Suharto, Malaysia and the Vietnam communist government. They have been called the analogous "Jews of the East", a phrase coined by Thailand's King Rama VI many decades ago. Indeed, for many years, Indonesia banned the expression of Chinese culture and heritage in the country. In Vietnam, ethnic Chinese suffered equally under Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem. Under the President Park Chung Hee of South Korea, foreigner - included the multi-generation Korean-born Chinese Korean - cannot own land. In year 1960s, their was anti-Chinese riot in former Burma (now called Myanmar). As a result of such policies or sentiment, many of over sea Chinese - espesially from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia - usaully flee the adopted country involuntary, sometime as refuges and exiles. In 1997, the Asian financial crisis loomed over Asia and caused political turmoil, especially in Indonesia. Although several Southeast Asian leaders such as Malaysia's prime minister blamed the Western-dominated International Monetary Fund for the economic problems, many affected Indonesians took to the streets and blamed the Chinese Indonesians—who dominate the economic structures of the country—for the problems and began destroying Jakarta's Chinatown area and other ethnic Chinese businesses and homes elsewhere in the country. In Malaysia and Singapore however, the Chinese were not maltreated or subject of specific abuse, which was in line with the national practice of racial unity with the Malays and Indians. Cambodia Phnom Penh's Chinatown is on Street 136. Cambodia experienced ethnic Chinese settlement beginning in the 1400s. In recent decades, a large number of new and more recent Mainland Chinese immigrants have immigrated to Cambodia. India There is a Chinatown in Calcutta. Many Hakka live in a community known as Tangra, which is dominated by leather tanneries (the Hindi majority will not touch cattle) and Chinese restaurants. Another Chinatown is in Byculla, Bombay; however it has diminshed in population as many of its Indian-born Chinese ethnic residents have migrated, mainly to major immigrant destinations such as Australia, Canada, and the United States. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147 Indonesia The Pancoran district of Jakarta on Jalan Gadjah Madah has a large ethnic Chinese population. In 1998, many Chinatown businesses were burned by Indonesians and the area suffered from arson during the race riots. Many Chinese left Indonesia when their fellow countrymen persecuted them, but there are still large numbers of Indonesian Chinese|Chinese-Indonesians. Yet, another Indonesian Chinatown is on Jalan Pekojan in Semarang. There are also numerous Chinese Indonesians in Surabaya and Medan, Indonesia|Medan. Japan In Japan, ethnic Chinese immigrants are called kakyo. The largest Japanese Chinatown is located in Yokohama, Kanagawa|Yokohama (Japanese: Hamamachi). The city of Kobe, Japan|Kobe has a growing Chinatown (Nankinmachi). In Nagasaki, Japan|Nagasaki, its Chinatown (Shinchimachi) was founded in 1698 AD. The first Chinese immigrants in Japan were from Taiwan. Koreas Korean Chinatowns are located in its both capital cities, Pyongyang and Seoul. Today, Seoul’s "Chinatown" is informal. A newly-planned Chinatown is planned for suburban Ilsan and is to be finished by year 2005. The South Korean Chinatown of Inchon is in the Chung district and was formed in 1884. In 2002, to capitalize on the large amonut of Mainland Chineses visitor who come visit the country of South Korea, the Inchon city had has the plan to revive its moribund Chinatown with costs of US $6.2 million (worth 6.5 South Korean wons). It claims to be the largest Chinatown in South Korea, and features an 11-metre high Chinese-style gateway. Pusan is also consider reviving its Chinatown. Many Chinese Koreans left South Korea during the 1960 and 1970s for Taiwan (Repubic of China) or other countries, such as United States, and then the actual Chinese populations of many Chinatowns in South Korea declined. Many business in these Chinatowns are actually owned by ethnic Koreans. Laos Vientiane contains a Chinatown on Samsenthai Road. Malaysia The term Chinatown is also used in the Bahasa Malaysia language. Kuala Lumpur Jalan Petaling (or Petaling Street) serves as the centre of Kuala Lumpur's Chinatown, which is predominantly Cantonese-speaking. The Chinese settlers founded Kuala Lumpur in the 1800s. Penang The Chinatown in the city of Penang is mainly Hokkien Chinese. Malacca There is a Chinatown in Malacca. Myanmar Chinatown in Myanmar is in Yangon. Most Chinese came from mainland China. Philippines The best-known Chinatown in the Philippines is the district of Binondo in Manila. Many prominent Chinese Filipino families have roots in this district. Among the attractions of Binondo is Divisoria, a shopping area popular with people engaging in bargain shopping. Chinese settlement—who were predominantly Hokkien—in the Philippines pre-date the coming of the Spanish in 1521. Merchants have been trading with the indigenous tribes of the islands since the 8th century. During Spanish occupation, the Chinese held an intermediate place in Filipino society as middlemen between the Spanish upper-class and the indios or Indians as the Spanish called the natives. They were, however, often relegated to ghettos such as Binondo where Manila's Chinatown sprung. During the rule of Ferdinand Marcos, bitterness against Chinese Filipinos started in 1972. Most of them went to Venezuela, and others to North America — especially United States — Australia, and New Zealand. In the first ever visit of Manila's Chinatown by a Filipino president, President Gloria Arroyo has since recognized the efforts and contributions of Chinese Filipinos. Russia Many early immigrants to Russia were from provinces of Heebee, Shandang, amd Shaxi in Mainland China. The earliest of immigrants come in the 1860s and 1870s, mainly to the Siberia. They build the Trans-Siberian Railroad. An early Chinaton in Vladivostok established in 1860s. Chinese returned to Mainland China after the radical liberals took over Russia in 1917. A Chinatown district has cropped up in the Urinals city of Yekaterinburg. http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/rferl/2004/04-11-18.rferl.html#11 The Chinatown of Ussuriysk, north of the city of Vladivostok and near the Heilongjiang province of mainland China. It is known in Russian as kitaiskii gorodok (китайский город). Most ethnic Chinese living in this easternmost portion of Russia are from Mainland China. http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~alexseev/ (photo)
Singapore While Singaporean Chinese|Chinese Singaporeans form a majority of the entire population (76.8%), the district to the south of the river originally designated for Chinese settlement by Sir Stamford Raffles remains known as Chinatown in English. The local Chinese name for the area is Niúchēshǔi (牛车水) on Telok Ayer Street. The Singaporean Chinatown serves as tourist destination. While Hokkien Chinese is predominant in Singapore, there are smaller pockets of Cantonese and Hakka-speaking Singaporeans. The recent Chinese immigrants from other former British territories, Hong Kong and Malaysia, mainland China, and Indonesia have settled in Singapore and its Chinatown. Thailand The Chinatown (Thai: Yaowarat) of Bangkok is located on Yaowarat Road and Sampeng Lane. The city of Phuket is home to Thailand's second Chinatown, which is on Phang Nga Road. Chinese Thais of Teochew (Chaozhou) descent are the dominant group of ethnic Chinese, with smaller numbers of those of Cantonese and Hakka origin as well. Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City's Chinatown in the Cholon, Ho Chi Minh City|Cholon district has been a stronghold for the Chinese-Vietnamese community since the late 1770s, when the first Cantonese and Teochew Chinese arrived during French imperialism. Its main thoroughfares are Nguyen Trai Street and Tran Hung Dao Street. The Cholon area was the bastion of ethnic Chinese Vietnamese booming free enterprise until the Vietnamese communist government confiscated private property in the area. After the period of the Vietnam War and Sino-Vietnamese War (the late 1970s and early 1980s), many Chinese Vietnamese (called in Vietnamese the Viet Hoa) along with their ethnic Vietnamese, or the Viet Kinh, compatriots fled the country as "boat people". As a results, there many overseas Chinese Vietnamese communities in Austarlia, Canada, Farnce, Germany, and the United States. Nevertheless, Vietnam still has a strong ethnic Chinese community. Category:Chinatowns|Asia
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Chinatowns in Asia".
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