Chinatowns in North America - Books - Famous Chinese Shopping City

March 8, 2014


		1 Introduction 2 Chinatowns in the United States 3 Chinatowns in Canada 4 See also 5 External links to North American Chinatowns

Famous Chinese Shopping City Books

Chinatowns in North America

Wikipedia

Chinatown
Image:San Francisco Chinatown.jpg|left|150px
This article surveys individual Chinatowns in North America. For the purposes of this article North America is defined as Canada and the United States. For a broad analysis of the development of Chinatowns in the region, see Chinatown patterns in North America. For information on Chinatowns in Mexico and Central America, please refer to Chinatowns in Latin America. The common features of Chinatowns and social problems common to Chinatown are covered in the main Chinatown article.

In general, there are three types of Chinatowns in North America: frontier and rural Chinatowns, urban Chinatowns, and suburban Chinatowns.

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Chinatowns in the United States

Arizona
A Chinatown-themed shopping center built to traditional Chinese architecture was opened in 1997 near the Sky Harbor Airport in Phoenix. The Chinese American supermarket chain 99 Ranch Market operates a branch there. The shopping complex has attracted few tenants due to high rents. However, throughout Phoenix, there are many pockets of Chinese communities and areas nearby contain many Chinese supermarkets and restaurants.

California
Given its relative proximity to East Asia and Southeast Asia, California has the largest number of historic and contemporary Chinatowns in North America. The state boasts of the largest number of Chinatowns of all types, including the most well-known and largest Chinatown in San Francisco, the first all-Chinese rural town of Locke, California|Locke to be built by Chinese immigrants, and the first "suburban Chinatown" of Monterey Park and multiple other areas.

Many early Chinese immigrants were processed at Angel Island State Park|Angel Island (now a California state park) in the San Francisco Bay area, which is equivalent to New York's Ellis Island for European immigrants.

Northern California
Image:San Fran Chinatown street.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|The touristy section of San Francisco's Chinatown.

San Francisco 
Main article: San Francisco Chinatown|Chinatown, San Francisco

One of the largest, most notorious and prominent, and highly-visited in North America is the San Francisco Chinatown, which is predominantly Cantonese language|Cantonese-speaking with some Hakka, though there has been a rise in Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin-speaking immigrants from Mainland China. While the downtown Chinatown is the Chinese cultural center, smaller neighborhoods in the Richmond District (San Francisco)|Richmond (Geary Avenue, Clement Street) and Sunset District (San Francisco)|Sunset (Noriega Street, Irving Street west of 19th Avenue) districts have developed in recent years, coexisting with ethnic Russian people|Russian and Korean businesses.

Founded in 1850 or thereabouts, Chinatown was destroyed in 1906 earthquack that hit San Francisco and was later rebuild and re-realized, using a Chinese-style architecture that has been criticized as garish and touristy. With its Chinatown as the landmark, San Francisco has one of the largest and predominant Chinese American population centers, with 152,620 of 743,478 (19.6%) as of the 2000 Census. San Francisco's Chinatown has been shown in numerous movies and television shows, and can boast a number of firsts, including the invention of chop suey, being the site of printing currency for the then-newly emerged Repubic of China, and the first Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association. During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, San Francisco's Chinatown was also at the epicenter for Chinese American activism and radical politics, some of which were militant, as well as major gang activity with the emergence of the notorious Wah Ching in North America. Currently, the historic Chinatown shows some signs of decline.

After President Richard M. Nixon's historic visit to the People's Republic of China in the early 1970s, the arrival of new Chinese immigrants to the San Francisco area helped diversify and introduce new Chinese cuisine from many regions throughout mainland China in its Chinatown—the restaurants previously served mainly Cantonese and unauthentic Chinese-American fare. It also received many Chinese from Latin America, especially Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, when Fidel Castro overtook their businesses. Pacific Islanders from Guam, Hawaii, and American Samoa — especially of Chinese descent — also resided here.

San Jose/Silicon Valley 
While the city of San Jose proper did have several Chinatowns in the past, they are all extinct today. Other examples of "Chinatown" in the suburbs in California are suburban Fremont, California|Fremont, Milpitas, California|Milpitas, and Cupertino, California|Cupertino in the south San Francisco Bay Area. These three cities are located in the Silicon Valley, where large numbers of Taiwanese Americans and Mainland Chinese nationals (many of whom are on U.S. work visas) are employed in the high-tech industry and where large number of Taiwanese high-tech firms are headquartered. Foster City, California|Foster City also has a large Taiwanese American population. Cupertino remains the cultural center.

There are many Chinese shopping centers scattered around the Silicon Valley, which may have a social and economic impact on the old Chinatown in San Francisco. The Silicon Valley tends to be mostly Taiwanese-dominated, whereas the Chinatowns of San Francisco and Oakland tend to be more heavily Cantonese-speaking.

Oakland 
Across from San Francisco, the urban Chinatown of Oakland, California|Oakland on Broadway, 7th Street, Harrison Avenue, and 10th Street had existed since the days of the California gold rush but remained economically stagnant for many years, especially after multigenerational Chinatown residents began heading to the suburbs in the late 1960s. However, the Chinatown saw much development during the 1980s and 1990s after an exodus of Chinese American merchants—who were already experiencing stiff and ever-growing competition and rising costs of rent in the San Francisco area—across the Bay Bridge and increased immigration from mainland China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. Many ethnic Chinese Vietnamese and Chinese Cambodians began opening new small businesses, essentially replacing many of the older Taishanese-dominated businesses. Also, with investment coming from Hong Kong in the 1980s, new modern shopping centers were built. It still retains the traditional aspects and characteristics of an older Chinatown. Oakland's Chinatown includes a historic and still thriving fortune cookie factory.

Although it is overshadowed by its well-known counterpart in San Francisco and also suffering from a high crime rate, the Chinatown area is bustling with activity. Other Asian cultures are represented in Oakland's Chinatown as it has also been settled by non-Chinese Asians such as ethnic Vietnamese (many of whom operate many of Chinatown's jewelry businesses), Koreans, and Thais making it more of a pan-Asian area as opposed to a "Chinatown". The biggest thing is that the Chinatown makes tax revenue for the city of Oakland. http://www.asianweek.com/090299/bay_oaklandchinatown.html

North of Oakland, there are several Asian-themed strip malls scattered in the Bay Area suburb of San Pablo, California|San Pablo.

Recommended reading: Oakland's Chinatown (Images of America: California) by William Wong. Arcadia Publishing 2004 ISBN 0738529257

Sacramento 
Sacramento, California|Sacramento has a relatively small urban Chinatown. The city consists mostly of Vietnamese American businesses. There are also other Asian strip malls such as Pacific Rim Plaza and a major Asian supermarket. Sacramento has a long Chinese influence dating back to the California gold rush period. However, in the past decade, Sacramento has seen a booming ethnic Vietnamese population with a large migration from other parts of California.

Fresno

Work is underway to revitalize the once moribund Chinatown, founded in 1885 at F Street in the San Joaquin Valley city of Fresno. It is undergoing a massive beautification project. However, currently the area is not exclusively Chinese. One the major problems is that there are fewer Chinese businesses there. But the area already holds it's Chinese New Year celebration anally. http://www.fresno-chinatown.org/

Southern California
Image:Los angeles chinatown0001.jpg|thumbnail|right|Entryway to Los Angeles's Chinatown, where Chinese Vietnamese immigrant businesses now outnumber the declining generation of Taishanese businesses.
Los Angeles 
Main article: Chinatown, Los Angeles

In the city of Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles proper, the old inner-city Chinatown was built during the late 1930s - the second Chinatown to be constructed in Los Angeles. Formerly a "Little Italy," it is presently located on Broadway Avenue and Spring Street near Dodger Stadium in downtown Los Angeles with still several restaurants, grocers, and tourist-oriented trinket shops. A statue honoring the Kuomintang founder Dr. Sun Yat-sen adorns the more touristy area in the northeast section. Many Cantonese- and Chaozhou-speaking Chinese Vietnamese and Chinese Cambodian immigrants also own and operate bazaars in Chinatown which are popular destinations, essentially selling low-quality merchandise at terribly low prices - with products as varied as cheap woodsilk towels, sandal wood soaps, apparel, and toys - that unfortunately undercut long established Taishanese origin dealers. New "Chinatowns" really for the Chinese immigrants have been developed in the Los Angeles suburbs of Monterey Park and San Gabriel (see below for the sections entitled San Gabriel Valley and Orange County). http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_n6_v16/ai_15197924

Artesia

The city of Artesia, California|Artesia has an emerging and much smaller Taiwanese commercial district in South Street and Pioneer Boulevard.

Orange County 
The upscale southern Orange County, California|Orange County city of Irvine, California|Irvine (爾灣二店), located several miles south of Disneyland, contains yet another Taiwanese-dominant commercial and cultural center with several strip malls containing mostly Taiwanese businesses. It is on Culver Drive.

The top-rated University High School and University of California, Irvine (UCI) are major draws for several upper-class Taiwanese immigrant parents. Incidentally, Asian Americans form the majority of UCI's undergraduate student population. Indeed, Irvine's Chinese American population has grown significantly over the years. Pao Fa Temple, one of the largest Buddhist temples and monasteries in the Western Hemisphere, has been opened.

San Diego 
San Diego, California|San Diego had a historic Chinatown, formerly around Market Street and Third Avenue, that has disappeared over time. A de facto new "Chinatown" is found about 10 miles away to the north on Clairemont Mesa Boulevard and Convoy Street, with a 99 Ranch Market complex and nearby pan-Asian strip malls and restaurants.

San Gabriel Valley 
In the Greater Los Angeles area, there are several suburban Chinatowns throughout the San Gabriel Valley region.

In a sense, the old Chinatown of Los Angeles has ceased to be the economic and cultural node for the local Chinese American community within the Los Angeles area, with many immigrants from Taiwan, Mainland China, and Vietnam. There are also smaller, but still substantial, numbers of immigrants from Hong Kong. In addition, the region has also been considered by food critics - for example, of the Los Angeles Times and The Atlantic Monthly - as having some of the best Chinese cuisines in the nation due to the large variety of competing Chinese restaurants (whereas there are very few authentic Chinese restaurants in the more well-known Los Angeles Westside).http://gourmetclub.signonsandiego.com/20040114-9999-seaharbor.html The region also features the large Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California|Hacienda Heights, among the largest Buddhist temples.

The suburban city of Monterey Park, California|Monterey Park, nicknamed "Little Taipei," was among the first satellite Chinatowns to be developed. It once contained a large Taiwanese population, but due to the in-migration of established Taiwanese immigrants to other suburbs in the early 1990s, their numbers have dwindled and the Cantonese-speakers have gradually become predominant in the city. With its growing population, Monterey Park also received media attention in a 1985 article in Forbes magazine.

Since the mid-1980s and on, Monterey Park has experienced continual immigration of working-class and upper-income mainland Chinese and Chinese-Vietnamese. In this city and adjacent areas, the number of Taiwanese-owned businesses actually began to decline and there are several Chinese Vietnamese-owned businesses, such as restaurants and supermarkets. Countless Chinese-owned businesses occupy nearly the main thoroughfares of the city. There are many popular competing large Hong Kong seafood restaurants found within the city.

To the north of Monterey Park, the satellite Chinatown in the city of Alhambra, California|Alhambra has rapidly grown during the 1980s. With an Asian descent population of 47.2%, the area on Valley Boulevard is lined with numerous Chinese-owned banks, restaurants, cafes, and boutiques mostly geared to younger Asian descent populations. Alhambra also hosts the annual San Gabriel Valley Lunar New Year Parade and Festival (the fourth largest celebration, after those in the old Chinatowns of San Francisco, Manhattan, and Los Angeles).

The adjoining neighboring city of San Gabriel, California|San Gabriel, with 48.9% population of Asian descent, has a mix pan-Chinese community in the area, while the "Chinatown, Los Angeles, California|Chinatown" in the city of Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles remains tiny, touristy, and Cantonese-speaking. The area also on Valley Boulevard started off as an area serving Chinese Vietnamese refugees but it has grown to include a mix of trendy and utilitarian businesses owned by Taiwanese, Mainland Chinese, Hong Kong Chinese, and ethnic Vietnamese immigrants. It is among the largest suburban "Chinatown" business districts in California and a large shopping complex anchored by 99 Ranch Market is among the highly popular landmarks in the area (a panoramic pic of this retail center is viewable on www.milpitasquare.com/San%20Gabriel%20Square%20at%20Dusk.htm). The city serves somewhat as a buffer zone or convergence, since residentially, a significant number of wealthy Taiwanese immigrants reside in the upscale community of San Marino (bordering north of San Gabriel) and the blue-collar Chinese Vietnamese live in working-class Rosemead (located south and east of San Gabriel).

The city of Arcadia has an emerging Taiwanese commercial district south on Huntington Drive, on Baldwin Avenue. The area already contains several supermarkets as well as Taiwan-based restaurant chains operating in the area.

Another so-called suburban "Chinatown," so to speak, includes the Taiwanese-driven Rowland Heights, California|Rowland Heights (approximately 20 miles east of the Los Angeles Chinatown) with its fragmented smattering of shopping centers, concentrated on Colima Road (approximately between Fullerton Road and Nogales Avenue). After the mass exodus of Mandarin-speaking Taiwanese Americans from Monterey Park, the Los Angeles edition of the Chinese-language pape World Journal dubbed Rowland Heights the "new Little Taipei." There are also several large Taiwanese origin populations living in nearby hillside residential communities and Rowland Heights serves as the main business district. The Chinese strip malls are mixed with separate strip malls containing Korean American businesses. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_3_24/ai_82323391

Outside these main suburban Chinatown areas, there are also many isolated pockets of authentic Chinese strip-malls, restaurants, and supermarkets scattered in parts of the San Gabriel Valley, which cater solely to the local Chinese immigrant community.

Inland Empire

Several cities of the Inland Empire (California)|Inland Empire region once had standing Chinatowns, including the former farming communities of San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino, Riverside, California|Riverside, and Redlands, California|Redlands.

San Bernardino's Chinatown occupied Third Street between Arrowhead and Mountain View. The last remnants of Chinatown fell into obscurity in 1959.

The Chinatown in Redlands was on what is now Oriental Avenue and Texas Street. It is no longer standing.

The Chinatown of Riverside was established in 1885. The remaining Chinese American survivor of Riverside's Chinatown died off in 1974. He attempted to preserve Chinatown, but his efforts were in vain because the last remnant of Riverside's Chinatown was razed in 1978. As with many early Chinatowns in the small and medium-sized towns of California, the once vibrant Chinese American history has faded into obscurity.

Florida
There is a rapidly growing and organic, but still informal, Chinatown on 163rd and 167th Streets in the Miami suburb of North Miami Beach. Chinese Americans from other parts of the United States have migrated to the Miami area and started businesses in the quasi "Chinatown" as well. It is also becoming multi-ethnic with Korean and Vietnamese communities and businesses in the mix. The local chamber of commerce has been prodding for its further development and investment. http://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/1998/06/08/story5.html

An artificial Chinatown is in touristy Kissimmee, Florida|Kissimmee as part of a theme park called Splendid China. It is marketed as a "Chinatown" for white people. http://orlando.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/1996/07/29/newscolumn1.html

Georgia
In the Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta area, fledging new pan-Asian shopping centers are on Buford Highway in the suburb of Doraville, Georgia|Doraville. While the city of Atlanta proper does not have a traditional "Chinatown" or "Koreatown" as such, this area has become unique. The area started as Korean immigrant neighborhood, but refugees from Southeast Asia began arriving and established Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants started moving away from traditional immigrant urban centers. However, with a mix of ethnic Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese populations, the official name is the International Village. While the area is pan-Asian in general, it is also pan-Chinese in itself with many businesses and shopping centers invested, owned, or staffed by Taiwanese, Chinese Vietnamese, Chinese Indonesians, and Chinese Thais immigrants. In the 1970s and 1980s, just prior to the incoming of the Asian immigrants, General Motors laid-off thousands of workers in the area and light-manufacturing began shuttering, thus resulting in blight. For several years, several shopping centers were abandoned and neglected by previous owners. New capital by Asian investors have helped contribute to the revitalization of the area. The area has grown a great deal, now the international Chinese-language newspaper World Journal maintains a regional Atlanta office in Doraville. Interestingly, the area has the highest concentrations of Asian businesses and it is definitely one of a kind in southeastern Dixie. http://www.huaren.org/diaspora/n_america/usa/news/032500-01.html http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwexa/news/archive/sciences/03_0506_ethnicpatterns.htm http://www.inc.com/magazine/19990201/720.html

Hawaii
The Chinatown of Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu, on North Hotel Street and Mounakea Street, contains traditional ethnic Chinese businesses. It is also diverse with Pan-Asian and Pacific Islander businesses. The Vietnamese are largely demographically represented in Honolulu's Chinatown. The Pacific Islanders, Chinese, and other Asians went to mainland United States, as well as its Chinatowns.http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2001/Aug/19/il/il01a.html

The history of Chinese revolutionary Dr. Sun Yat-sen is tied to Hawaii, having receiving his Western education there. There is a monument in his honor in Honolulu's Chinatown.

Illinois

Main Article: Chinatown, Chicago, Illinois

The Chinatown in Chicago has a traditional urban Chinatown occupying the area along Wentworth Avenue at Cermak Road south of downtown. There are also newer Pan-Asian ethnic areas on the north side near the intersection of Broadway and Argyle Street.

Louisiana
The first original Chinatown of New Orleans existed on Tulane Avenue and South Rampart Street in the Faubourg Ste. Marie quarter from the 1870s until the 1930s and most of the original Chinatown buildings were razed in the late 1950s. http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/metro/index.ssf?/base/news-7/1106121435143210.xml and http://www.nps.gov/jazz/Walking%20Tours/CBD.pdf A newer, but synthetic "Chinatown" was developed in 2003 on Behrman Highway in suburban Terrytown. It is definitely one of the kind in Cajun country of Dixie.

Massachusetts
The sole Chinatown of New England is in Boston, Massachusetts|Boston, on Beach Street and Washington Street near the South Station. There are many Cambodian and Vietnamese restaurants and markets. In the pre-Chinatown era, the area was settled in succession by Irish, Jewish, Italian, and Syrian immigrants as each group replaced another. The Syrians were later succeeded by Chinese immigrants and Chinatown was established in 1890. From 1960s-1980s, Boston's Chinatown was located near The Combat Zone, which served as Boston's red light district, but the Combat Zone has shrunken to almost nothing. Currently, Boston's Chinatown is experiencing a threat of gentrification policies. http://www.berkeleybeacon.com/news/2004/12/16/News/Chinatown.Adjusts.To.Changing.Demographics-829354.shtml http://www.asianweek.com/2001_06_15/news6_bostonchinatown.html

In recent years, a new satellite "Chinatown" has been rapidly emerging approximately 10 miles to the south on Hancock Street in suburban Quincy, due to the rapid influx of Hokkien-speaking Mainland Chinese immigrants from the province of Fujian as well as a large growing ethnic Vietnamese population. There are already several large Asian supermarkets such as the major Kam Man Foods and Super 88 supermarket chains, and other businesses that are giving the old Chinatown in Downtown Boston a run for its money. Several businesses operating in Boston's Chinatown now have extensions in Quincy. http://www.southofboston.net/specialreports/chinatown/

Michigan
As part of the broader movement of urban redevelopment Detroit, there be plans and efforts to reconstruct its defunct Chinatown, which was on Cass Avenue and Peterboro Avenue.

In the meantime, a new suburban "Chinatown" mixed with Taiwanese and Vietnamese businesses and housed in several strip malls, has emerged on John R Road in the predominantly WASP suburb of Madison Heights, Michigan|Madison Heights. http://www.freep.com/news/metro/johnr12_20020212.htm

Missouri
An original Chinatown was in the city of St. Louis before it was eventually replaced by Busch Stadium in the 1960s. By that time, attempts at establishing another Chinatown largely met with failure. Since the early 1990s, a new Chinatown has been taking shape in the St. Louis suburb of University City on Olive Boulevard, approximately between 81st Street and McKnight Road. The business district of University City was once rundown but new immigrants have come in and revitalize the area with a large number of Chinese and pan-Asian restaurants, grocers, bakeries, and immigrant-run health services. There have been some conflict over the proposed name of "Chinatown". In 2002, it was met with stiff opposition by some African American residents. http://www.scanews.com/oba/ http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~djkaiser/127/AsianArticle.pdf

Nevada

Main Article: Chinatown, Las Vegas

The only Chinatown in Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas was initially just a large shopping center called "Chinatown Plaza." It is the so-called "first master planned Chinatown in America" with the Chinese American supermarket chain 99 Ranch Market (大華超級市場) serving as its anchor. The plaza location is west of the Las Vegas Strip and Interstate 15 at 4255 Spring Mountain Road, just outside the casino areas in what is a typical American neighborhood. However, as the Chinese American community continues to grow in Las Vegas (itself the fastest-growing city in the U.S.), many adjacent shopping centers have been developed while others are still in the planning and development stages. The area has become more competitive as the large Shun Fat Supermarket mega-store opened its doors in Chinatown in the early 2000s.

First built in early 1995, the infrastructure of Chinatown closely resembles many of the suburban Chinese business districts - that is, massive shopping centers and mini-malls with huge parking lots - found in California. However, it also has had the distinction of being officially designated a "Chinatown" by the city of Las Vegas with parking areas allotted for buses as well. (The Chinatown has its own exit off-ramp sign on Interstate 15.) Furthermore, the Chinese American population tends to be somewhat more dispersed throughout Las Vegas than in Southern California.

New Jersey
The Chinese population, mostly consisting of Cantonese-speaking inhabitants, is fast-growing in New Jersey. There is now a booming new Chinatown with several authentic Chinese restaurants, banks, and pan-Asian supermarket cropping up in suburban Edison, New Jersey on Route 27. An annual Chinese New Year event also takes place in this area. There are also two branches of Hong Kong Supermarket in outlying areas. http://ems.gmnews.com/News/2004/0128/Front_Page/008.html

New York

Main article: Chinatown, Manhattan

The old Chinatown of New York City is centered around Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street in Manhattan, but at least two other satellite Chinatowns have cropped up on Roosevelt Avenue and Main Street in Flushing, New York|Flushing, Queens, which has actually surpassed the old Manhattan Chinatown and is today the largest in the U.S., and in the Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn around 50th to 65th Streets along 8th Avenue. Some portions of Manhattan's Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy, largely vacated by Italian Americans as they headed to the suburbs, are being engulfed by Chinatown. Manhattan's Chinatown is further subdivided and segregated into several smaller communities such as "Little Fuzhou" or "Fuzhou Street" (on East Broadway Avenue) because of the high prevalence of Fujianese Mainland Chinese immigrants—who speak Hokkien Chinese—in the area.

New York being an exception to many things, Flushing is hardly suburban, and the Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan Chinatown still has many Chinese markets and other businesses, as well as a large Chinese-American population, including first-generation immigrants who speak little or no English and work in garment factories in the neighborhood. As a sign of its emerging prominence over the now-fading Chinatown of San Franciscos, Manhattan's Chinatown has also been featured in several films and telvision.

On the other hand, Flushing has more Taiwanese immigrants and businesses while the Manhattan Chinatown remains Cantonese and Fujianese. The area is generally a hotbed for support of independence and self-determination for Taiwan. Flushing is considerably a "Little Taipei" or "Taiwan Town", so to speak, although there are also Mainland Chinese settling into the area.

The new Chinatown in Sunset Park has grown from a seedy, drunken neighborhood to a vibrant Chinese immigrant community with numerous businesses. With a booming population, the area is now extending into formerly Italian American communities such as Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge.

New York City, in particular, contains a strong mainland Chinese presence. The Chinese that settle in New York City are often undocumented immigrants from the Fujian province of China. Although the Min-nan that they speak is similar to Taiwanese language|Taiwanese (Hokkien and Hoklo), there is relatively little social interaction between Fujianese and Taiwanese and indeed between the Fujianese and professionals and students from Mainland China. Although they would ordinarily have very little chance of gaining legal status, a large number of Fujianese benefited from the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1993 which granted permanent residence to PRC nationals in the United States as of 1990 regardless of whether they were students or not. Furthermore, the Cantonese-speaking population has also perceived the Fujianese as bringing crime and other social problems to Chinatown.

Chinese from Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam — especially ethnic Lao, Khmer, and ethnic Vietnamese — also settled New York as Vietnam War refugees. Many Chinese New Yorkers also include people whose parents or grandparents were from or born in Latin America. The most important Chinese Latin American populations are Chinese Puerto Ricans who are natural-born Americans of Chinese descent, Chinese-Cubans who fled from the cruel Fidel Castro rule, and Chinese Peruvians who immigrated when earthquake shakes Peru and Velasco ruled. Large numbers of Japanese, Koreans, Thais, Malaysians, Indonesians, Filipinos, and Pacific Islanders (mostly Hawaiians, Guamanians, and Samoans) also settled New York's Chinatowns.

In upstate New York, a planned mixed Asian commercial business district on North Pearl Street in Downtown Albany, New York|Albany is in the works for the burgeoning Asian American population. There is already a mini-mall named "Chinatown Plaza" with great Chinese architecture.

Ohio
The small Chinatown of Cleveland is one of several ethnic communities in that city, along with a Little Italy and Slavic Village. Chinatown is on Payne Avenue in the downtown area known as The Quadrangle. http://www.cleveland.com/heritage/index.ssf?/heritage/more/chinese/chinese1.html

Oklahoma
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City's Chinatown represents a new trend in urban cities that traditionally did not have a concentrated Asian population. Today, Oklahoma City's Asia District has transformed a once blighted urban area near Oklahoma City University due north of downtown into a myriad of restaurants, supermarkets, shoppes, and galleries representing the growing mosaic of Asian residents of the city.

The area began as a Little Saigon back in the late 1980s due to the more than 17,000 Vietnamese refugees that inhabited the area but was recently renamed to "Asia District" to better reflect the true colors of the neighborhood.

Oregon

Main Article: Chinatown, Portland

There is a Chinatown in Portland.

Pennsylvania
There is a Chinatown on Cherry Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia.

Texas
Houston

Main Article: Chinatown, Houston

Yet another example of the new-Chinatown/old-Chinatown contrast is Houston, Texas, where there is an old and largely disappearing Chinatown, Houston|Chinatown near the Convention Center, and a new shopping center-laden Chinatown on Bellaire Boulevard in the southwestern part of the city. In the early 1980s, Bellaire Boulevard initially started off as a Taiwanese immigrant business district but it has since grown to also include countless ethnic Vietnamese and Chinese Vietnamese businesses. http://www.huaren.org/diaspora/n_america/usa/docs/072599-01.html http://www.dragonmap.com/blog/index.php?cat=2 photos This web site give examples of the many Vietnamese businesses in the area, plus pics of mixed Chinese and Vietnamese strip mall (www.vietnamtown.com/houston/area_all.asp). A map and extensive business listings of Bellaire Boulevard available from online (www.chinatownmap.com).

Dallas

An emerging Asian/Chinese population in the Dallas area has established a number of Chinese supermarkets in the high-tech centered area, mainly in suburban Richardson.

El Paso

Archaeological work has been done to uncover the long history of El Paso's Chinatown, which stood from 1881 to around the 1920s. The area is significant in which it attracted a large number Chinese workers in the American Southwest and there a Chinatown sprung up.

Washington

Main Article: International District, Seattle, Washington

The large Chinatown of Seattle has been consolidated as the International District in the 1950s, which is a now concentrated pan-Asian business district enclave along with Vietnamese and other Asian-origin people within the city. In the 1980s, Vietnamese refugees and immigrants formed the nearby Little Saigon next to Chinatown. There has been some controversy over the name "International District", in which local Chinese American inhabitants do not embrace the term due to it being a perceived insult, and thus preferring "Chinatown" as a source of pride. Ethnic Chinese have protect the bane by claiming to have settled the area first and Chinese businesses being more dominant in the area. Other Asian groups have accepted the term for the sake of political correctness. This local debate gained some attention and was covered in a story on Fox News.

A similar pan-Asian area, but not necessarily considered a "satellite Chinatown" per se, has proliferated in a form of a shopping center in the Seattle suburb of Kent, Washington|Kent. The name of the shopping center is Great Wall Mall. http://www.greatwallmall.com/

The historic Chinatown in the capital of Olympia disappeared by the 1940s. Three Chinatowns existed in Olympia after several relocations and the third Chinatown was at Water Street and 5th Avenue.

Washington, D.C.

Main Article: Chinatown, Washington, DC

The old and shrinking Chinatown of Washington, DC is on H Street, several blocks east of the White House. The new suburban Chinatown is located about 20 miles to the north in Rockville, Maryland, where there is a large ethnic Chinese — mainly Taiwanese — population. http://www.aa2sbu.org/aaezine/articles/vol6/no8cs.shtml

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Chinatowns in Canada

Alberta
There are actually two Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton Chinatowns: The newer Chinatown North dominated by Hong Kong Chinese emigrees and the older Chinatown South.

There is also a Chinatown in Calgary stretching east-west from 1 St SE to 2 St SW and north-south from Bow River to 4 Av SW. This Chinatown consists of a large shopping centre called Dragon City Mall and a Calgary Chinese Cultural Centre located at 1 St SW.

A Chinese-based shopping centre called Pacific is located between 36 St NE and 16 Av NE. it consists of a large supermarket called T_&_T Supermarket (the largest Asian supermarket in Western Canada), a video store, a bookstore, and two Chinese restaurants.

British Columbia
Vancouver

Image:Vancouver_Chinatown_Gate.jpg|right|framed|Old Gate of Chinatown, Vancouver
Main Article: Chinatown, Vancouver

Vancouver's Chinatown is the largest in Canada and the third largest in North America, after New York's and San Francisco's. The main centre of the older Chinatown is Pender and Main Streets in downtown Vancouver, which is also, along with Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria's, one of the oldest Chinatowns in North America, and has been the setting for a variety of modern Canadian literature.

Vancouver's Chinatown contains numerous galleries, shops, restaurants, and markets, in addition to the Chinese Cultural Centre and the Dr. Sun Yat Sen Classical Chinese Garden and park; the garden is the first and one of the largest Ming era-style Chinese gardens outside China.

Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond, a suburb of Vancouver, is the exception to North American Chinatown trends described above. Unlike the Mandarin-dominated or the pan-Chinese new "Chinatowns" in the U.S., Richmond is practically a "Hong Kong Town" and hence, it does tends to be more or less Hong Kong-centric in terms of it's offerings. However, the semi-official name is Asia West, under a consortium of Asian shopping centres to promote the area as a tourist attraction. It is quite possibly the largest Chinatown in North America, complete with several malls, a large grocery store and an endless number of restaurants and small businesses. Like the San Gabriel Valley region in southern California, Richmond is considered by food critics as having some of the best Chinese cuisine available. Many top Hong Kong chefs have been lured to Richmond-area restaurants.

As of 2002, one-third of Richmond's population was of Chinese descent—which is approximately 55,000 people.

The Richmond area is 10 kilometers south of downtown Vancouver near Highway 99 and Westminster Highway; its main street is No. 3 Road.

During the 1990s, the Chinese Canadian population moved away from the old Chinatown in downtown Vancouver and southward into the suburbs of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. In addition to Richmond, there are now some other Chinese immigrant communities developing in Burnaby, British Columbia|Burnaby and Coquitlam, British Columbia|Coquitlam.

Currently there is new momentum near Vancouver's old Chinatown consistent with the venerable condominium boom seen in most of downtown. A new Taiwanese enclave, an international village mall, and several new developments promise to rejuvenate downtown's Chinatown http://www.virtualvancouver.com/chinatown.html and keep it anchored as the centre of Chinese Canadian culture, as promised on the new Millennium Gate at Pender Street entrance.http://www.divisionzero.com/architecture/Chinatown_gate.htm

Several articles from the Vancouver Courier newspaper concerning Vancouver's Chinatown vis-a-vis suburban Richmond is here http://www.vancourier.com/issues02/023102/news/023102nn1.html and http://www.vancourier.com/issues04/053204/news/053204nn2.html

Victoria 
A very small Chinatown can be found in the provincial capital of Victoria, although it is mostly touted as a tourist attraction. It is centred on Fisgard Street and is, along with Vancouver's, one of the oldest Chinatowns in North America. There are fewer than five Chinese-oriented businesses in this area.

Manitoba
The Chinatown of Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg was formed in the 1910s. It is on Rupert Street.

Ontario

Toronto

Main Article: Chinatown, Toronto

Toronto, Ontario|Toronto's largest Chinatown is centered on Spadina Avenue and Dundas Street. There are multiple other Chinatowns throughout Toronto's suburbs, especially those in Agincourt, Mississauga, Ontario|Mississauga, Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill, and Scarborough, Ontario|Scarborough. To the north of the city of Toronto, the Markham, Ontario|Markham area is noted for its large concentration of Chinese strip malls; in 2001, 30 percent of Markham's population, or 62,355 people, was of Chinese descent. http://www.geocities.com/cplarosa/toronto/malls.htm

Toronto's Chinatowns include businesses from several regions of China, but they also are dominated by businesses set up by Hong Kong companies as well as immigrants from Hong Kong and their families. Also, the old Chinatown of Toronto of Spadina Avenue has certainly experienced a Vietnamese influence, with several Vietnamese restaurants in the landscape.

Ottawa

Ottawa, Ontario|Ottawa's "Chinatown" is actually named the Asian Village and it is located in the Centretown area, on Somerset Street West near Bronson Avenue. It is a community mixes with the ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese-oriented businesses. http://www.ottawakiosk.com/somerset/index.html

Windsor

A new Chinatown is found in Windsor, in close proximity to the Ambassador Bridge.

Hamilton

A Chinatown is located in Hamilton.

Quebec
Image:Chinatown-gate.thumb2.jpg|thumb|right|The gate on boulevard Saint-Laurent
Montreal, Quebec|Montreal's small, but well-frequented Chinatown is on rue De La Gaucheti?re and around rue Saint-Urbain and boulevard Saint-Laurent, between boulevard René-Lévesque and rue Viger (Place-d'Armes Montreal metro|metro station).

The Chinatown is known as Quartier chinois in French language|French. Hong Kong Chinese have especially settled in the area. Over the years, Vietnamese, especially of Chinese descent — who are already French-speaking before arriving — have set up shops and restaurants in the area as well.

A newer Chinese commerical centre of suburban Montreal is on boulevard Taschereau in Brossard, where Chinese Canadian make up a fairly sizable potion of the population. Began in later 1980s, Hong Kong Chineses immigrant arrived prior to the 1997 Communist Chinese machiavellian conquest of Britisher Hong Kong. The really saddest things was that Borssard was experienced a unfortunate drop in the Chinese origin population and many stripe mall businesses has been abandoned as some Hong Kongers return to meet their uncertain fate in the unfurled communist rule era of Hong Kong.

Saskatchewan
In Saskatoon, its Chinatown can be found in the Riversdale district of that city.

Dick's Cafe in downtown Redvers, Saskatchewan|Redvers was a focal point of Chinese culture in the town.

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