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March 8, 2014 |
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__TOC__ A group called the European Huns and led by Attila the Hun is considered, with little certainty, to be the western extension of the royal Xiong family centered around Karaganda. Establishment of the first Hun state is one of the first well-documented appearances of the culture of horseback migration in history. These tribespeople achieved superiority over their rivals (most of them highly cultured) by their splendid state of readiness, amazing mobility and weapons like the Hun bow. Attila's European Huns, like the eastern Xiongnu formed from groups of unrelated tributary peoples. In the European case Alans, Slavs and especially Goths|Gothic tribes all united under the Hun family military elite. Subsequently the term "Huns" became one of the derogatory terms for Germans (see, for example, "Kraut"). United States|American and United Kingdom|British forces during World War I and World War II commonly used the name, but this usage has declined recently. Recently, the decendents of Attila have applied to be an officially recognized minority in Hungary. To do so a group must be able to prove that they have lived in the country for more than 100 years and get 1000 signatures on a petition. Modern day Huns describe themselves as peaceful and gentle. They are far removed from the stereotype tribe the raped and pillaged its way across parts of Europe. According to Gyorgy Kisfaludy, who describes himself as the high priest of the Huns, there may be as many as 100,000 Huns in Hungary and beyond its borders. Some commentators have suggested that the move for minority status is just a ploy to receive financial grants. The Huns also played an important part in early Indian history.
The earliest reference in Chinese sources to a people called the Xiong-Nu (Hsiung-nu) goes back to early 12th century BC, in writings about the campaign by King Wuding (武丁 wǔdīng) of the Shang Dynasty against the Gui Fang 鬼方 (guǐfāng) tribe, which is regarded as a name of one of the Huns' vassal Xiongnu|Nu (奴) tribes. Some vague archaeology|archaeological sources support this account, but await verification. Bronze inscriptions and oracle turtle-back bones from sacrificial worship prove the historical existence of the campaign but the Gui Fang did not necessarily equate to the core Hun clan per se. Many scholars identify the Xiong Nu Xiong with the Huns because of similar descriptions of their appearance and living habits. (more input here....) Other scholars, confusing the Piong with their Xiongnu|Nu serf and vassal tribes, find differences. Still others argue that any common appearance and habits also appear among various other tribes residing on the Mongolian steppes, rather than identifying characteristics specific to the Xiong and the Huns. Nevertheless, all agree that the two peoples shared aspects that are more than a coincidence. With the exception of the 43-118|118 AD "North-South" feud, the Hun dynasty survived as a fairly tightly-knit political power (sociology)|power until the 4th century|4th C. when the Xiongnu|Nu (奴) tribes decisively threw off the yoke of the Xiong dynasty. Whether increasing squabbling amongst the Xiong dynasty caused their subjects to lose faith in them, or some other cause occurred, Hun unity came to an end. The rock was shattered and clans claiming the Hun name (Hunnoi, Chionites, Choni, Xiong, etc.) dispersed as nothing more than piratical raiding bands. They appear south in Persia (the Xiyon camel tribes – Chionites – in AD 320, also known as Red Huns), while a portion remained east in China (the Xiong deer people), and finally in one last brilliant flare west in Russia (the Hun horse tribes in AD 360). The Hua managed to succeed to the Hun heritage in a campaign which spread from Bactria to Europe. After the failure of Xiong's Zhou county the influence of the Hua dragon tribe started to expand. The influence of the northern deer-people retreated north up the Yenisei as the Hua chased a western portion of the Hunnoi (Alchon/Alchoni often called "White Huns" and confused with Hephthalites) into what is present-day Uzbekistan in the late 4th century, while the easternmost branch would later found the Xiong's last eastern dynasty Xia (407-431). The colour names of the European Persian, Bactrian and Chinese Hun tribes may have something to do with their flank designations. Though apparently fleeing China from the Hua in the mid-4th century, later the Huns' Alchon component are recorded as in union with them (Varkun) against the western-most branch. By 460 the Hua had begun to take over Central Eurasia. The Yuezhi's Hephthalite|Hephthal family had become their ruling clan in Xinjiang by 507 and sometime during his rule (507-531) the Hua, now a unit with the Choni, left under Sarosios's father to conquer the Hunnic remnants in the West, leaving their Hephthalite brethren to fend off Juan Juan advances alone and relocate their seat of power with the Indian branch. After this the Huns as a power unit disappear from history, though certain nations and noble families of Turanian origin continued to carry variations of the name into the present. For more information on the formation of the eastern Huns' Xiongnu|'Nu' (奴) empire see also: Wu Hu
1st Dynasty
2nd dynasty (Name unknown)
3rd dynasty
4th (The Split) dynasty
North South Feud From 48, the Hsiung-Nu began a North-South feud which lasted until 98. Rulers of the Northern Xiongnu|Northern (or "Western") Xiong-Nu:
Rulers of the Southern Xiongnu|Southern (or Eastern) Xiong-Nu:
Hereafter, the Western/Northern tangriquts are no-more & the Eastern Tangriquts take over the whole empire. Wanchi Shisu Quti inherited Finghey's united empire in 118 but it was never what it used to be. Reunited Xiongnu
Some sources indicate that in 140 AD, after Kutino Shisu Quti committed suicide, Tengriqut was not elected and the Hun throne remained vacant till 143 AD. 5th dynasty (Name missing) 6th dynasty (Name missing)
7th dynasty (name missing) 8th dynasty (name missing)
9th dynasty (Bei Han 北漢)
10th Dynasty Bei Han is known from 319 as "Former Zhao". During this dynasty Xiyonites/Chionites or Red Huns start to bother Persia. The sovereignty of Han (sixteen kingdoms)|Han and Former Zhao was collectively known as the Han Zhao. 11th Dynasty Later Zhao
12th Dynasty (Name ?Kama?) The Hephthalites|Hua & Xiong divided the Huns and drove most of the remaining Huns westwards out of China during their expansion. Kama was a legendary ancestor-King, mentioned in Eastern Hunnic sources, particularly among those who formed the Altyn Oba Horde. There is no one among the Hsiung rulers whose name sounds much like "Kama Tarkhan", but if he existed, he might have been the otherwise unnamed chief who took the Huns westward, into the Ukraine | Ukrainian steppes. He may have been the ruler of Alchoni who pushed the Kidarite Huns into India. His realm may therefore have spread from Ukraine to Bactria. Any last remnants of the Huns east of the Hua in China managed to raise their heads again from 407–431 as the Hun Xia dynasty before coming under the Juan Juan. They (the Deer) later absorbed a Turkic (Blue Wolf) influence and later emerged as the Mongols. Interestingly some Hunnic vocabulary documented by the Chinese still occurs in Japanese while Hungarian language | Hungarian allegedly has some words in common with Xia.
Onogur Dynasty Chaotic conditions followed the rise of Avar power in Europe, and the time of the Huns came to a close. Whether the Onoghur were truly a Hun, Bolgar, or proto-Magyar rather than Avar reign remains a matter of debate. However it is from their name that the English name for Magyarorsz?g, Hungary, derives, allowing some space for their inclusion in the list of Hun Dynasties.
Category:Ancient peoples of China Category:Ancient peoples Category:History of China Category:Late Antiquity Category:Turkic peoples ca:Huns de:Hunnen es:Hunos eo:Hunoj fr:Huns ko:훈족 it:Unni he:הונים nl:Hunnen ja:フン族 pl:Hunowie pt:Hunos ro:Huni ru:Гунны sl:Huni sv:Hunner tt:Hunnar This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Huns".
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