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March 8, 2014
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Kublai Khan

Wikipedia

 
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colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:2px solid"|Image:Kublai_Khan.jpg|300px|Kublai Khan
style="background:#ccf; border-bottom:2px solid" colspan=2|Khubilai Khan
align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Birth and death: style="border-top:1px solid"|Sept. 23, 1215–Feb. 18, 1294
align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Clan name (obogh): style="border-top:1px solid"|Borjigin&sup1; (Боржигин)<br>Bei'erzhijin&sup2; (孛兒只斤) or<br>Bo'erjijite&sup3; (博爾濟吉特)
align=center style="border-top:1px solid"|Sublineage name<small><small> <sup>4</sup> </small></small>:<br>(yasun) style="border-top:1px solid"|Khiyad<small><small> <sup>5</sup> </small></small> (Хиад)<br>Qiwowen<small><small> <sup>6</sup> </small></small> (奇渥溫) or Qiyan (乞顏)
align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Given name: style="border-top:1px solid"|Khubilai (Хубилай)<br>Hubilie (忽必烈)
colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:3px solid"|Khan of the Mongols
align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Dates of reign: style="border-top:1px solid"|May 5, 1260&ndash;Dec. 17, 1271
colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:3px solid"|Emperor of Yuan Dynasty|Yuan China
align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Dates of reign: style="border-top:1px solid"|Dec. 18, 1271<small><small> <sup>7</sup> </small></small>&ndash;Feb. 18, 1294
align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Dynasty: style="border-top:1px solid"|?n<small><small> <sup>8</sup> </small></small>, now Y?anh<small><small> <sup>9</sup> </small></small> (Юань)<br>Yuan Dynasty|Yuan (元)
align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Khan name: style="border-top:1px solid"|Setsen Khan (Сэцэн хаан)<br>Xuechan Han (薛禪汗)</small>
align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Temple name: style="border-top:1px solid"|<small>(Mongolian name to be added)</small><br>Shizu (世祖)
align=center style="border-top:1px solid"|Posthumous name:<br>(short) style="border-top:1px solid"|Never used short
align=center style="border-top:1px solid"|Posthumous name:<br>(full) style="border-top:1px solid"|<small>(Mongolian name to be added)</small><br>Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu<br>(聖德神功文武皇帝)
colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:3px solid"|<small>General note: Names given in Mongolian language|Mongolian, then in Chinese language|Chinese.
colspan=2 align=center |———
colspan=2 align=center |<small>General note: Dates given here are in the Julian calendar.<br>They are not in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
colspan=2 align=center |———
colspan=2 align=center |<small>1. This is the singular. The plural is Borjigid.
colspan=2 align=center |<small>2. This is the most frequent Chinese version of the clan name nowadays.
colspan=2 align=center |<small>3. This Chinese version of the clan name was the most frequent during<br>the Qing Dynasty.
colspan=2 align=center |<small>4. The Cambridge History of China thinks that Khiyad was a sublineage<br>inside the larger Borjigin clan, but other scholars disagree and think that<br>Borjigin was a sublineage inside the larger Khiyad clan, while there<br>are those who think that Khiyad and Borjigin were both used<br>interchangeably.
colspan=2 align=center |<small>5. This is the plural. The singular is Khiyan.
colspan=2 align=center |<small>6. This Chinese version of Khiyad is the one that appears in the Chinese<br>history of the Yuan Dynasty.
colspan=2 align=center |<small>7. Founded the Yuan Dynasty on that day. However, was not in control<br>of southern China until February 1276 when the Southern Song emperor<br>was captured and the imperial seal was relinquished to the Mongols.<br>The last pockets of resistance in southern China fell in 1279.
colspan=2 align=center |<small>8. This was the Mongolian transliteration of the Chinese name Yuan<br>in the 13th and 14th centuries.
colspan=2 align=center |<small>9. This is the name of the dynasty in modern Mongolian language|Mongolian.

Kublai Khan or Khubilai Khan (1215 &ndash; 1294), Mongol military leader, was Khan (1260-1294) of the Mongol Empire and founder and first Emperor of China|Emperor (1279-1294) of the Yuan Dynasty.

Born the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and grandson of Genghis Khan, he succeeded his brother M?ngke Khan|M?ngke in 1260 as ruler of the Mongol Empire. Kublai Khan's brother, Hulagu Khan|Hulagu, was the conqueror of Persia and founder of the Ilkhanate.




The empire was separated into four khanates, each ruled by a separate khan and overseen by the Great Khan. The Kipchak Khanate (also called the Golden Horde) ruled Russia; the Ilkhanate ruled the Middle East, the Chagatai Khanate ruled over western Asia, and the Great Khanate controlled Mongolia and eventually China. The empire reached its greatest extent under Kublai with his conquest of China, completed with the final defeat of the Song Dynasty in 1279. He ruled well, promoting economic growth with the rebuilding of the Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal, repairing public buildings, extending highways and introducing paper currency. He encouraged Chinese arts and demonstrated religious tolerance, except to Taoism. His capital was at Beijing (then Cambuluc or Dadu 大都 lit. big capital). The empire was visited by several Europeans, notably Marco Polo in the 1270s who may have seen the summer capital in Shangdu (上都 lit. upper capital or Xanadu?).

He conquered Dali (Yunnan) and Goryeo (Korea). Under pressure from his Mongolian advisors, Kublai attempted to conquer Japan, Myanmar, Vietnam and Indonesia . All those attempts failed and the cost of these expeditions and the paper currency he created caused inflation.



  • Zhongtong (中統 Zhōngtǒng): June 29, 1260 - September 6, 1264

  • Zhiyuan (至元 Zh?yu?n): September 7, 1264 - January 16, 1295




  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote a poem fragment in 1798 entitled "Kubla Khan", which invokes Kublai Khan among opium-induced imagery of exoticism. It begins "In Xanadu did Kubla Khan a stately pleasure-dome decree..."

  • Kublai Khan also appears as a character in Italo Calvino's book Invisible Cities, together with Marco Polo.




Kublai had a nephew known as Kaidu, who died in 1301.



  • http://www.galmarley.com/framesets/fs_monetary_history_faqs.htm Inflation under Kublai

<center>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">Preceded by:<br>M%F6ngke Khan</td>
<td width="40%" align="center">List of Mongol Khans|Mongol Khan (Dai-?n/Yuan Dynasty|Yuan)</td>
<td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2">Succeeded by:<br>Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China</td>
<tr>
<td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">Preceded by:<br>Emperor Bing of Song China</td>
<td width="40%" align="center">Table of Chinese monarchs|Emperor of China</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
Category:1215 births
Category:1294 deaths
Category:Mongol Khans
Category:Yuan Dynasty emperors

ast:Cublai Can
de:Kublai Khan
fr:Kubilai Khan
he:קובלאי חאן
nl:Kublai Khan
no:Kublai-khan
ja:クビライ
sv:Kublai Khan
zh:忽必烈

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Kublai Khan".


Last Modified:   2005-04-13


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