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March 8, 2014 |
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Earlier mummified burials suggest that precursors of these easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language may have lived in the region of the Tarim Basin from around 1000 BCE until finally they were assimilated by Uighur Turks in the 8th century CE. There is evidence both from mummies and Chinese writings that many of them had blond or red hair and blue eyes. This suggests the possibility that they were part of an early Indo-European migration that ended in what is now the Tarim Basin in western China. According to a controversial theory, early invasions by Turkic speakers may have pushed Tocharian speakers out of the Tarim Basin and into modern Afghanistan, India, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Textile analysis has shown some similarities to the Iron Age civilizations of Europe. One of the unusual finds with one of the mummies was a classical "witch|witch's hat", which was worn by the witches of European myth, suggesting very ancient Indo-European roots for this tradition. Women also wore the same kind of skirts as have been found preserved in graves from the Nordic Bronze Age. Main article: Tocharian languages The Tocharians spoke an group of Indo-European language called the Tocharian languages, and also sometimes referred to as Kuchean. Besides the religious texts, the texts include monastery correspondence and accounts, commercial documents, caravan permits, and medicine|medical and magical texts. Their late manuscript fragments, of the 7th century|7th and 8th century|8th centuries, suggest that they were no longer either as nomadic or as barbarian|barbaric as the Chinese had considered them. <br clear=all> Image:CentralAsianBuddhistMonks.JPG|thumb|200px|Blue-eyed Central Asian (Tocharian?) and East-Asian Buddhist monks, Bezaklik, Eastern Tarim Basin, 9th-10th century. The Tocharians, living along the Silk Road, had contacts with the Chinese and Persians, and Turkic, Indian and Iranian tribes. They may have been the same as, or were related to, the Indo-European Yuezhi who fled from their settlements in the eastern Tarim Basin under attacks from the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BCE (Shiji Chinese historical Chronicals, Chap. 123) and expanded south to Bactria and northern India to form the Kushan Empire. The Tocharians who remained in the Tarim Bassin adopted their Buddhism, like their alphabet, came from northern India in the first century of the 1st millenium, through the proselitism of Kushan monks. The Kushans and the Tocharians seem to have played a part in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China. Many apparently also practised some variant of Manichaeanism. Protected by the Taklamakan desert from steppe nomads, the Tocharian culture survived past the 7th century. The Kingdom of Khotan was one of the centers of this ancient civilization. The term Tocharians has a somewhat complicated history. It is based on the Tokharoi Τόχαροι of the Greek historians (Ptolemy VI, 11, 6). These are identified with the Kushan Empire, and the term Tokharistan usually refers to 1st millennium Bactria (Chinese Daxia 大夏). Today, the term is associated with the Indo-European languages known as "Tocharian language|Tocharian". Based on a Turkic reference to Tocharian A as twqry, these langauages were associated with the Kushan ruling class, but the exact relation of the speakers of these languages and the Kushan Tokharoi is uncertain, and some consider the "Tocharian languages" a misnomer. Tocharian A is also known as East Tocharian, or Turfanian (of the city of Turfan), and Tocharian B is also known as West Tocharian, or Kuchean (of the city of Kucha) The term is so widely used, however, that this question is somewhat academic. Tocharians in the modern sense are, then, defined as the speakers of the Tocharian languages. These were originally nomads, and lived in today's Xinjiang (Tarim basin), known by the China|Chinese as the Yuezhi, first mentioned by Chinese historians in the 3rd century BCE as having been defeated and displaced by the Xiongnu. The native name of the historical Tocharians of the 6th century|6th to 8th century|8th centuries was, according to J. P. Mallory, possibly kuśi??e "Kuchean" (Tocharian B), "of the kingdom of Kucha and Agni", and ārśi (Tocharian A); one of the Tocharian A texts has ārśi-k?ntwā, "In the tongue of Arsi" (ārśi is probably cognate to argenteus, i.e. "shining, brilliant"). According to D. Q. Adams, the Tocharians may have called themselves āk?i, meaning "borderers, marchers".
Note: The recent discoveries have rendered obsolete Ren? Grousset's classic The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, published in 1939, which still provides the broad background against which to assess more modern detailed studies.
de:Tocharer Category:Ancient peoples of China Category:Ancient peoples Category:Former countries in Chinese history Category:History of China Category:Silk Road Category:Eurasian nomads fr:Tokhariens This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tocharians".
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