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March 8, 2014 |
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The original White Terror took place in 1794, during the turbulent times surrounding the French Revolution. It was organized by reactionary royalist forces in the aftermath of the Reign of Terror, and was targeted at the radical Jacobins and anyone suspected of supporting them. Throughout France, both real and suspected Jacobins were attacked and often murdered. Just like during the Reign of Terror, trials were held with little regard for due process. In other cases, gangs of youths who had aristocratic connections or who had avoided serving in the army roamed the streets beating known Jacobins. These "bands of Jesus" dragged suspected terrorists from prisons and murdered them much as alleged royalists had been murdered during the September Massacres of 1792. Again, in 1815, following the return of Louis XVIII of France|King Louis XVIII of France to power, people suspected of having ties with the governments of the French Revolution or of Napoleon suffered arrest and execution. Russian White Terror After the Russian Revolution of 1917, counter-revolutionary forces grouped themselves in the White movement|White Movement. The color white was adopted as the symbol of the movement because it had been the traditional color of the Russian monarchy (the Russian Tsar was often called the "White Tsar"). In 1918, the White Movement started the Russian Civil War against the new Soviet Russia|Russian Soviet Republic. Both sides carried out acts of violence against dissidents and suspected enemy agents within the territory they controlled. The mass arrests and summary executions carried out by the White Movement became known as the White Terror. By analogy, the term "White Terror" came to be used to refer to many different campaigns of violence carried out by various kinds of anti-communist forces against real or suspected communist sympathizers, in different places and periods of the 20th century. Hungarian White Terror One of the first such White Terrors outside Russia was the White terror (Hungary)|Hungarian White Terror, the retaliation carried out by Mikl??s Horthy in Hungary in 1919-1920, after the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, against Left-wing politics|Leftists and Jews (mainly as a revenge for the Red Terror - see Hungarian Soviet Republic#Downfall|here for additional information). Horthy's personal moral culpability and responsibility for the White Terror are a matter of dispute among historians. Chinese White Terror Another anti-communist White Terror took place during the Chinese Civil War. It was an attempted suppression of Communist Party of China|Communists and Communist sympathizers by Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang government. Beginning in 1927, the White Terror spread through many major Chinese cities, most notably Shanghai. Also known as Chiang's "Bloody Double Cross", this White Terror saw his armies turn against their former Communist allies. Death Squads patrolled the cities, on order to shoot anyone suspected of Communist leanings. Taiwanese White Terror In reference to the 228 Incident on Taiwan in 1947, the "White Terror" describes the suppression of political dissents and public discussion of the massacre. In the decades following the 228 Incident, many thousands of Taiwanese were imprisoned or executed for their real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang government, leaving many native Taiwanese with a deep-seated bitterness to the mainlanders. Some prosecuted Taiwanese are labeled by the Kuomintang as "bandit spies" (??????), meaning spies for Chinese communists, and punished as such. Fear of discussing the 228 Incident gradually decreased with the lifting of martial law in 1987, cumulating in the establishment of an official public memorial and an apology by President Lee Teng-hui in 1995. Category:History of Russia Category:History of Hungary Category:History of China Category:History of Taiwan ja:???????????? zh:???????????? This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "White Terror".
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